Article Usage Rules
A vs An
Use "a" before words starting with consonant sounds (a book, a house). Use "an" before words starting with vowel sounds (an apple, an hour).
The (Definite Article)
Use "the" when referring to something specific or already mentioned. Example: I saw a cat. The cat was orange.
Countable Nouns
Use "a/an" with singular countable nouns (a book, an apple). Use "the" when specific (the book I read). No article for plural (books are useful).
Uncountable Nouns
Never use "a/an" with uncountable nouns (water, information, money). Use "the" when specific (the water in the glass).
Proper Nouns
Usually no article with names (John, Paris). Some exceptions: the United States, the Netherlands, the Thames (rivers, seas).